Otázka: Terrorism

Jazyk: Angličtina

Přidal(a): Kuku

 

 

What is terrorism?

If you thought terrorism was just brutal, mindless violence, you would be wrong. There is almost always a strategy behind terrorist actions and whatever form it takes – bombings, shootings, hijackings, or assassinations – it is never random, spontaneous, or blind. Terrorism contains the following key elements

• it is premeditated
• it is political
• it is aimed at civilians
• it is carried out by sub-national groups

Terrorism is not a new phenomenon. We know about it in first-century Palestine, in the eleventh-century Middle East, in late nineteenth-century organization. The 1^st WW was also triggered by an act of terrorism.

Another characteristic feature of terrorist acts is that they are often deliberately spectacular, designed to shock and influence a wide audience. The aim is to use the psychological impact of violence or of the threat of violence to cause political change.

 

According to the official 9/11 Commission Report, nineteen men affiliated with Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda, a network of Sunni Islamist terrorists, simultaneously hijacked four US domestic aeroplanes. Two were crashed into the World Trade Center in Manhattan, NY City – one into each of two tallest towers. Both tower collapsed as a result. The third aeroplane was crashed into the US Department of Defence headquarters, the Pentagon, in Arlington County, Virginia. The fourth plane crashed into a field in Pennsylvania, following passenger resistance.

The official count records 2,986 deaths in the attacks including the hijackers.

 

People often talk of the new suicide terrorism, but the phenomenon is not really new at all. Throughout history most terrorism has been extremely risky for the terrorists themselves. In the past, terrorists attacked using nothing but a dagger, and unless their victims were alone and defenceless, the terrorists were as much in danger as their victims.

Earlier, extremely unstable bombs that had to be thrown from a short distance were used. In the 20^th century, the development of more sophisticated weapons in the twentieth century allowed terrorists to kill from a distance. This made attacks less risky. But suicide terrorism has re-emerged in the last two decades as a favoured tactic of certain terrorist groups. Suicide terrorism generates a lot of fear and allows the terrorists to execute accurate, large-scale attacks without sophisticated technology.

 

11/3/2004

• a series of coordinated terrorist bombing against the commuter train system of Madrid, Spain
• killed 191 people, wounded 1,460

7/7/2005

• a series of four bomb attacks struck the London’s public transport system during the morning rush hour
• killed 56 people, injured 700
• Police investigators identified four men whom they believed to be suicide bombers. It has been planned by Islamist paramilitary organizations based in the United Kingdom. Al-Qaeda claimed responsibility.

21/6/2005

• a series of four explosions took place on the London Underground and a London bus
• only the detonators of the bomb exploded
• no deaths
• all suspected bombers were subsequently arrested by police

 

• Bullying is the deliberate, conscious desire to hurt, threaten or frighten someone.
• It can be physical, such as hitting, prodding and pushing
• It can be verbal: nicknames, racist or sexist taunts, personal comments. Students who are new, or different, may be vulnerable. (Verbal bullying is often the most common form in schools).
• It can be non-verbal, such as taking sweets or money, or damaging equipment.

 

• Children becoming distressed, not sleeping, not eating, being withdrawn.
• Children unwilling to come to school (stomach aches or headaches).
• Missing equipment for which there is no explanation.
• Children making an unusual request for extra money.
• Bruising, or damaged clothing.
• Change of friendships.

 

• Inform a teacher immediately. Victims often believe that bullying cannot be stopped or they are frightened of what will happen if they tell. This is understandable, but wrong. We can act sensitively, and bullying can be stopped when we are told about it.
• Keep a written record or diary of the bullying (who/what/where/when).
• Do not hit back. It will only make matters worse and could blur the real issue.

 

• Provide us with details: in order to get away with it, bullies need opportunities.
• Trust us. We know what to do if we have the right information.
• Support us. Both victims and bullies need help to prevent damage to their self-esteem, which can have a bad effect later in life.

 

• We can divide crimes into offences:
• against people (murder,assault,pickpocketing)
• against property (loot, steal,burgle)
• against public or public morality (blackmail,smuggle)

 

• economic crime
• political crime
• crime of passion
• organized crime
• white-collar crime
• computer crime

 

Statutory offences are minor offences that are tried by magistrates. Statutory offences aresuch as swindle or bribe.

Indictable offences includes such major crimes as arson, assault, burglary, kidnapping,murder, rape, robbery and theft

 

• Murder – killing someone intentionally.
• Rape – forcing a woman or a man to have sex.
• Burglary – breaking into a house and stealing something.
• Manslaughter – killing someone by accident.
• Blackmail – making a person pay money under threat of secret or dangerous informationbeing leaked.
• Mugging – attacking someone to steal from them.
• Assault – hitting another person deliberately.
• Shoplifter -stealing things in a shop.
• Bribery – offering or accepting money for doing something dishonest.
• Kidnapping – capturing a person and demanding ransom for their safe return.
• Perjury – lying to the court.
• Robbery – stealing from a person or a place.
• Forgery – making illegal copies of paintings, copyrighted documents etc.
• Smuggling – bringing goods into the country illegally.
• Hijacking – taking control of an occupied car, plane or boat by force.

 

verb	criminal	crime
rob	robber	robbery	v bance
burgle	burglar	burglary	v domě
mug	mugger	mugging	naulici
shoplift	shoplifter	shoplifting	v obchodě
steal	pickpocket	pickpocketing	kapsář
steal	thief -> thieves	theft (petty)	obecně
smuggler	smuggler	smuggling	pašování
vandalise	vandal	vandalism	vandalismus
terrorism	terrorist	terrorism	terorismus
loot	looter	looting	rabování
set fire to/sb on fire	arsonist	arson	žhářství

 

verb	criminal	crime
assault	assailant	assault	útok, napadení
rape	rapist	rape	znásilnění
hijack	hijacker	hijack/ing	únosletadla
kidnap	kidnapper	kidnapping	únososoby
blackmail	blackmailer	blackmail	vydírání

verb	criminal	crime
bribe	briber	bribery	úplatky
fake	fake	fake	falšovat
forge	forger	forgery	falšovat
swindle	swindler	swindle	podvod
embezzle	embezzler	embezzlement	zpronevěra

 

verb	criminal	crime
kill	killer	killing
murder	murderer	murder
assassinate	assassin	assassination

arresting and questioning crime suspects

providing evidence to the court

taking statements from witnesses

helping find missing people

patrolling streets to prevent crimes

ensuring safety on the roads

directing traffic

 

illegal, prohibited, banned, forbidden – zakázán